Mohamed ibn abdelkrim khattabi biography sampler
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The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance 1838600469, 9781838600464
Table of contents : • EN The assessment of the bacterial quality of groundwater is a critical step in ensuring safe drinking water. A total of nine (9) water samples were obtained from wells located within the study area, during the wet and dry seasons between månad 2020 and December 2021. The parameters measured in this study include total germs at 22 °C (TG-22 °C) and 37 °C (TG-37 °C), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS), and the sulfito-reductor clostruim (SRC). The results show that the contamination levels vary widely between the different wells and between seasons. The highest levels of contamination were funnen in W6, with the highest values of all parameters measured except for TC. W1 and W7 were the only wells that were protected, and they had lower levels of contamination compared to unprotected wells. The sources of pollution were mainly related to agricultural activities, such as animal waste and metall waste. The findings of this study suggest the need for i • Abd el-Krim (, Ajdir[1] –February 6, , Cairo) (full name: Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, Arabic: محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي, Berber name: Muḥend n Ɛabd Krim Lxeṭṭabi) was the leader of a large-scale armed Berber resistance movement in the Rif, a large Berber-speaking area in northern Morocco. Together with his brother Mhemmed, he led a broad coalition of major Rifian tribes against French and Spanish colonial occupation. His guerrilla tactics are known to have influenced Ho Chi Minh, Mao Zedong, and Che Guevara.[2] Abd el-Krim was born in Ajdir, Morocco, the son of 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, a qadi (Islamic judge) of the Aith Yusuf clan of the Aith Uriaghel (or Waryaghar) tribe.[3] Abd el-Krim received a traditional education at a mosque school in Ajdir, followed by a period at a religious institute at Tetouan.[4] At the age of twenty, it appears he studied for two years in Fez at the Attarine
Cover page
Halftitle page
Title page
Copyright page
Series page
Dedication
Contents
Illustrations and Maps
Preface
Introduction
1 Berber Origins
The problem stated
Myth and legend
Archaeological and historical theories
2 From Carthage to Islam
The Berbers and the Pax Romana
The riddle of the Kasbahs
3 Dynasts versus Heretics
The Berghaouata
The Senhaja princedom of Sijilmassa
An Atlas heretic stronghold: Qala‘at El-Mehdi
Almoravid intervention
4 Triumph of the Atlas Berbers
5 Makers of Mayhem: Beni Hilal and Ma’qil
Almohad decline
Worms in the Almohad woodwork
Almohad debacle
Nomad takeover
6 Atlas Saints and Mountain Kings
Start of the northwesterly push
Seksawa heyday
Lalla ‘Aziza and ‘Amr Hintati
Saints and robber barons
The Sa’adi sultans
“Bum Hully,” the would-be mahdi
7 Senhaja Revival
The role of Zaouit Ahansal
Driving force behind the Senhaja push
The zaou Mohamed ibn abdelkrim khattabi biography sampler
Early life